OPS 571 Uop Course Real Knowledge / Uopops571dotcom — Medium

OPS 571 uop Course Real Knowledge / uopops571dotcom OPS 571 Entire Course And Final Guide For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com OPS 571 Entire Course And Final Guide You can find here. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Entire Course For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com OPS 571 Week 1 Individual Assignment Design a Process Flowchart (Keyless Entry FOB) OPS 571 Week 1 DQ 1 OPS 571 Week 1 DQ 2 OPS 571 Week 2 Individual Assignment Applying the Learning Curve Theory OPS 571 Week 2 DQ 1 OPS 571 Week 2 DQ 2 OPS 571 Week 3 Individual Assignment Internal Memo OPS 571 Week 3 DQ 1 OPS 571 Week 3 DQ 2 OPS 571 Week 4 Individual Assignment Bottlenecks in a Process OPS 571 Week 4 DQ 1 OPS 571 Week 4 DQ 2 OPS 571 Week 5 Individual Assignment Process Improvement Plan OPS 571 Week 5 DQ 1 OPS 571 Week 5 DQ 2 OPS 571 Week 6 Individual Assignment Process Design for Riordan Manufacturing OPS 571 Week 6 Team Assignment Production Plan for Riordan Manufacturing OPS 571 Week 6 DQ 1 OPS 571 Week 6 DQ 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Final Exam Guide For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com 1) __________ is when the activities in the stage must stop because there is no place to deposit the item just completed A. Buffering B. Blocking C. Starving D. Pacing 2) According to your text, the most common process metric is A. productivity B. efficiency C. utilization D. throughput time 3) Declining product prices A. increase the manufacturing costs B. lower the break-point C. result in lower manufacturing costs D. increase the break-even point 4) The type of processing structure that is used for producing discrete products at a controlled rate is A. job shop B. batch C. assembly line D. project 5) The best process flow structure to use for making automobiles is A. job shop B. batch shop C. group technology cell D. assembly line 6) The break-even analysis is a standard approach to determine alternative processes A break-even analysis chart usually present alternative __________ and __________ based upon the units produced or sold A. demand, supply B. profits, losses C. equipment, materials D. variable, fixed costs 7) A statistical term that refers to the philosophy and methods companies use to eliminate defects in their products and processes by establishing a quality goal of no more than four defects out of every million units is A. ISO 9000 B. Six Sigma C. Total Quality Management D. SERVQUAL 8) Independent demand is A. inventory where demand comes from independent suppliers B. inventory that is independent of any known rules of demand and supply C. demand that is related to the demand for another item D. demand determined by the marketplace that requires forecasting 9) An inventory system designed to ensure that an item will be available on an ongoing basis throughout the year is known as A. Optional Replenishment System B. Inventory Accuracy and Cycle Counting C. ABC Inventory Planning D. Multiperiod Inventory Systems 10) A/an __________ approach actually schedules in detail each resource using the setup and runtime required for each order A. infinite loading B. finite loading C. forward scheduling D. backward scheduling 11) What is the net result of reducing the duration of a task (crashing) not on the critical path? A. Decreased project overhead costs B. Reduced likelihood of liquidated damages for late delivery C. Increased slack time associated with the task D. Reduction in the project duration 12) The idea of the value density calculation is A. finding a carrier that can handle the weight B. matching the weight of the product with an appropriate carrier C. deciding where items should be stocked geographically and how they should be shipped D. finding the minimum cost carrier 13) When designing a supply chain, A. cost vs customer service must be considered B. quality vs cost must be considered C. lead times vs payment terms must be considered D. customer service vs product customization must be considered 14) According to Hau Lee, which of the following types of products need to be delivered with efficient supply-chains? A. Custom products B. Innovative products C. Grocery products D. High technology products 15) Which of the following product promotional activities would probably help make the supply chain more efficient? A. Price promotions that expire on a specific date B. An “everyday” low price strategy where prices are not dependent on quantity delivered with a specific order C. Special packaging for a specific event that occurs one time each year D. A 2-for-1 price promotion 16) The best operating level is A. the maximum point of the cost curve B. the level of capacity for which average unit cost is minimized C. maximum capacity D. the level of capacity for which total cost is minimized 17) Capacity utilization rate can be computed as A. Capacity used — best operating level B. Capacity used x best operating level C. Capacity used / best operating level D. Capacity used + best operating level 18) The objective of __________ is to provide an approach for determining the overall capacity level of capital-intensive resources that best supports the company’s long-range competitive strategy A. workforce management B. management supervision C. operations management D. strategic capacity planning 19) Lean production systems typically require A. delivery of large lots at frequent intervals B. buyer inspection of goods and materials C. multiple sources from which to purchase D. low inventory levels throughout production 20) Given that the previous forecast of 65 turned out to be four units less than the actual demand The next forecast is 66 What would be the value of alpha if the simple exponential smoothing forecast method is being used? A. 002 B. 04 C. 004 D. 0.25 21) Linear regression sales forecasting techniques A. work best when future sales are randomly distributed B. will not work for declining sales C. work best when sales are increasing D. will not work if future sales forecasts lie on a curve 22) What should the value of alpha be in an exponential smoothing forecast to be very responsive to recent demand? A. Large B. Small C. Negative D. Zero 23) Which of the following statements are true about time-series forecasting? A. Time series analysis employs empirical data to forecast future events B. Time series analysis is used to understand the system underlying and surrounding the item being forecast C. Under time-series methods, demand is divided into the time-based components such as daily, weekly, etc D. Time series methods are useful for long-range forecasts when the demand pattern is erratic 24) One option for altering the pattern of demand is A. hiring employees B. using overtime C. carrying inventory D. pricing 25) Aggregate planners balance A. demand and costs B. demand and inventories C. demand and capacity D. supply and inventories 26) Which of the following accurately describes a chase strategy? A. The firm produces the same amount each day over the planning period and deals with the variations in demand through the use of inventory or overtime B. The firm produces at the same level for several months, and then adjusts production to another level and produces at that level for several more months C. The firm matches its production rate to meet demand by varying the size of its workforce as demand varies D. The firm produces the same amount each day within the planning period and deals with variations in demand through the use of outsourcing partners 27) Which of the following reflects net material requirements: A. gross requirements — scheduled receipts B. gross requirements — projected available balance + scheduled receipts C. gross requirements — projected available balance — scheduled receipts D. gross requirements — scheduled releases 28) Which MRP system input element specifies how many and when the firm plans to build each end item? A. Inventory records file B. Bills of material C. Master production schedule D. Capacity planning 29) Which of the following is true about MRP Systems? A. Based on independent demand B. Lot sizing is based on Economic Order Quantity C. Demand pattern is random D. Objective is to meet manufacturing needs 30) A Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is most valuable in industries where a number of products are made in batches using the same productive equipment and with companies involving A. fabrication B. low number of units annually C. complex, expensive products D. assembly operations — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 1 DQ 1 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com What are process flow structures? What structure does your organization rely on the most? How effective has the structure been in achieving organizational goals? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 1 DQ 2 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com What are some factors that affect global business processes? How would these factors affect development of new processes? How are those factors different from those that affect local business process development? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 1 Individual Assignment Process Design Matrix and Summary (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Complete the Process Design Matrix. Write an executive summary identifying appropriate design approaches for a selected product and service. · Pick one service with which you are familiar. Complete three to five line items such as production line, self-service, or personal attention approach, on the Process Design Matrix. · Pick one product with which you are familiar. Complete three to five line items such as Job shop, batch, assembly line, or continuous flow approach, on the Process Design Matrix. Required Elements: · No more than 700 words · Consistent with APA format Submit Matrix with the Executive Summary  Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 1 Quiz (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com 1) Why is the planning phase often referred to as phase 0 (Zero) of the generic product development process? 2) If an automotive service center has an issue with a car not being clean when retumed to a customer, the poka-yoke corrective action might include what? 3) According to the Service-System Design Matrix, sales opportunity has what sort of relationship to production efficiency? 4) Permeable systems are characterized by being penetrable by customers via what two forms of contact? 5) Some may argue that the production-line approach may not treat the process as a service process, but as what type of process? 6) Why do many customers like the self-service approach to service design? 7) Poka-yoke is a Japanese term for a procedure that blocks an inevitable mistake from becoming what? 8) Which of the following is a good example of a continuous process layout? 9) What happens to production efficiency as the customer exerts more influence on the system? 10) Using a project layout for building an aircraft, why would to place rivet close to or even in the fuselage? 11) What is a company trying to optimize in the most common approach to developing a work center layout? 12) Why would a company want to supply a product to preferred customers during product ramp-up? 13) For which key organizational functions are takes and responsibilities identified for all the steps of the generic product development process? 14) Even though they use different models, both the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Group and Nordstrom Department Store are known for what? 15) A service process design flowchart is referred to as a service blueprint to emphasize what? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 2 DQ 1 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 2 Discussion Question 1 What is the learning curve and how can it be applied? Would the learning curve be appropriate for your organization? Explain your answer. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 2 DQ 2 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 2 Discussion Question 2 What is Six Sigma? What are the advantages and disadvantages for implementing Six Sigma in your organization? Analyze special considerations and possible constraints of implementing Six Sigma in an international business — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 2 Individual Assignment Process Designs and Supply Chains Presentation (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com This is part one of a two part assignment starting with an introductory look at process design and supply chains. Identify a company with which you are familiar. This could be your place of employment, a car wash, a yard service company, and so forth. Create an MS PowerPoint Presentation in which you describe the current state of your selected company’s supply chain and an identified process. Required Elements: · Describe the company’s supply chain · Identify a process internal to the company that you wish to analyze. · Describe the process internal to the company that you wish to analyze. · Identify an appropriate design approach for the process you have chosen. · Create a high-level AS IS process flow chart using an appropriate tool. · Identify at least one metric to measure the process and its application (how, what, when, and who). · Use an appropriate tool to collect data for each step of the process. · PowerPoint includes 4–5 slides with detailed speaker notes. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 2 Learning Team Reflection (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Select a manufacturing organization the team members are familiar with. Review the company’s website and other available information and answer the following: · What type of process design do they use: Make to Order, Make to Stock, or Batch? · What are two items regarding the manufacturing process related to the organization that the team finds unique or interesting? Prepare a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion.  Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 2 Quiz (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com 1) Which of the following consulting tools are used in the cost impact and payoff analysis stage in the operations consulting process? 2) Which of the following is a situation that likely will yield economies of scale? 3) Which of the following is a key metric associated with value stream mapping> 4) An advantage of a make-to stock process is which of the following? 5) Which of the following is one of the major types of stakeholders impacted by most consulting projects? 6) Which of the following terms refers to a special type of flowcharting tool that is valuable for the development of lean processes? 7) Which of the following production process terms best describes the situation when activities in a stage of production must stop because there is no work? 8) In setting up a kanban control system, you need to determine the number of kanban card sets needed. If the average number of units demanded is 1,000 per hour, the lead time to replenish the order for this item is 10 hours, the container size is 5 units, and the safety stock is estimated to be 5% of the expected demand, what is the number of kanban card sets needed? 9) Lean production seeks to achieve high volume production using which of the following? 10) Which of the following production process terms best describes a stage in a multiple-stage process that limits the capacity of the overall process? 11) In contrast to TQM, what approach seeks radical change through innovation? 12) In the pull system, which of the following is the partner that begins the process of pulling? 13) Which of the following operations consulting tools provide summary performance updates for specific processes and are generally presented in graphical form with color-coding of trend lines and alarms? 14) Which of the following is a factor that causes a diseconomy of scale? 15) To implement a flow process in developing a lean system, a firm might do which of the following? 16) If the run time for a batch of parts is 25 minutes on a machine, and the setup time is 75 minutes, which of the following is the operation time? 17) According to Little’s law, which of the following can be used to estimate inventory? 18) Which of the following is a principle of reengineering? 19) The basic notion of economies of scale assumes which of the following? 20) What is the term that refers to “the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed” (as cited in Jacobs & chase, 2011, p.g 461). — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 3 DQ 1 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 3 Discussion Question 1 What is a safety stock and when should it be used? How have safety stocks been used in a global organization with which you are familiar? Were they relied upon appropriately? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 3 DQ 2 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 3 Discussion Question 2 TOC advocates exploiting process bottlenecks. What does this mean? Provide at least two examples in business where this can be done effectively. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 3 Individual Assignment Process Designs and Supply Chains Presentation Part 2 (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Create an MS PowerPoint Presentation in which you evaluate the current state of the process you selected in Week Two and summarize the proposed future state. · Required Elements: · Evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the process selected in Week Two using the data collected. · Determine areas for improvement · Design an improved process flow chart using an appropriate tool. · Summarize two items from this improved process. Include an explanation of how these items could be used in your personal or professional life to improve a process. · PowerPoint should include 4–5 slides with detailed speaker notes. Click the Assignment FIles tab to submit your assignment. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 3 Learning Team Reflection (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Discuss the following: · What is the chase strategy? · Identify 2–3 companies that might use the chase strategy · What are some of the challenges associated with using the chase strategy and why? Prepare a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion.  Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 3 Quiz (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com 1) The text mentions several common approaches to use when developing strategy to close a capacity gap (where utilization of a resource exceeds capacity available). Which of the following is among the common approaches mentioned? 2) Which of the following is considered a pure production planning strategy? 3) Which of the following is an input to the master production schedule (MPS)? 4) Which of the following is an input necessary to run an MRP Program 5) Which of the following is an essential resource that flows through a hospital supply chain? 6) Which of the following is one of the categories of manufacturing inventory? 7) The main purpose of operation planning is to specify the optimal combination of which of the following? 8) Which of the following is an input file necessary to run an MRP system? 9) Which of the following is a perpetual system for inventory management? 10) Which of the following is an input to the master production schedule? 11) What is the important starting point in developing a capacity plan? 12) Which of the following forecasting method is very dependent n selection of the right individuals who will judgementally be used to actually generate the forecast? 13) In the most cases , demand for products or services can be broken into several components. Which of the following is considered a component of demand? 14) In conducting aggregate operations planning there are a number of required inputs. Which of the following are inputs considering most external to the firm? 15) When considering outsourcing, what should firms tend to avert? 16) In business forecasting , what is usually considered a short-term time period? 17) Which of the following is one of the mail purpose of a MRP system? 18) Which is the most challenging kind of supply chain to mange according to Hau Lee? 19) What is the other name of fixed-order quantity inventory model? 20) What is the effect of the lack of synchronization among supply-chain members? 21) Which of the following is most closely related to the reason a firm might implement MPR? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 4 DQ 1 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 4 Discussion Question 1 How does capacity planning differ in service and manufacturing organizations? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 4 DQ 2 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 4 Discussion Question 2 What role does supply chain management play for organizations seeking to gain the competitive advantage? Would it be advantageous for your organization to focus its efforts on improving its supply chain? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 4 Quiz (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com 1) The vertical axis on a Gantt chart is usually which of the following? 2) Consulting firms typically use which of the following techniques to plan and monitor the engagements of the firm or specific projects? 3) Which of the following identifies a key principle of reengineering? 4) An example of a graphic project report utilized within project management is: 5) Which of the following would be the result of subdividing a project? 6) At the onset, a project originates as which of the following? 7) A Responsibility Chart specifically identifies which of the following? 8) A work breakdown structure is 9) Which project progress technique includes the essential features of a project plan, budgeted cost of work scheduled and budgeted cost of work performed? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 4 Team Assignment Supply Chain Design Paper (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Review the Riordan Manufacturing Virtual Organization. Write a paper of no more than 1,400-words that includes the following: · Determine Riordan’s manufacturing strategy (chase, level, or combination) and explain its benefits · Create a process flow diagram for the electric fan supply chain · Select two metrics to evaluate performance of the electric fan supply chain · Describe the supplier relationship and the effects on the supply chain. As part of this consider the following: o Type of relationship o Supplier location, size of company, and financial stability o Metrics used to measure supplier performance (on-time delivery, defects, etc) o Supplier improvement strategies · Describe how lean production principles may be used to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of the electric fan supply chain process · Select a business forecasting technique (qualitative or quantitative) for the electric fans and describe the forecasting process to be used at Riordan · Create a sales forecast for electric fans using selected techniques · Develop Aggregate Production Plan, Master Schedule, and Materials Requirement Plans for electric fans based off the sales forecast. Be sure to include the following: o The determination of inventory requirements of the electric fans component parts and finished goods o The selection of an appropriate inventory system (fixed order quantity, two bin method, etc.) to meet inventory requirements Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. Begin working on the Week Six assignment. In Week Six, you propose and implement new process design and supply chain processes for the manufacturing of Riordan’s electric fans. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 5 DQ 1 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 5 Discussion Question 1 Does your organization use an enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems? If so does your organization rely on it and what influence does globalization have on your ERP? If not choose an ERP system and discuss why you believe this system can help your organization to improve efficiency and performance. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 5 DQ 2 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 5 Discussion Question 2 What role does competitive intelligence play in international business forecasting? Which qualitative techniques are most affected by international differences? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 5 Individual Assignment Project Management Recommendation (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Review the Project Management email. Write an email response in which you address the following points: · Determine which project might be implemented and why (e.g. feasibility study, breakeven analysis, etc). · Describe the five phases of a project · Describe the key deliverables associated with the selected project(s). Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 5 Learning Team Reflection (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Discuss the following: · What are TQM and ISO? · How might TQM and ISO be used to improve an organization? · What are the benefits and challenges each? · What is the role of a Quality Control department in relation to either TQM or ISO? Prepare a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion.  Click the Assignment FIles tab to submit your assignment. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 5 Quiz (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com 1) What is one analytical tool common to all quality improvement programs? 2) A fishbone diagram might be found in which DMAIC category? 3) What is the international quality management standard for quality management and assurance that is primarily concerned with quality of air, water and soil? 4) What is a reason that a company may pursue ISO-9000 certification? 5) Who is responsible for performing the first-party certification audit for a supplier firm? 6) What is the certification when a qualified national or international standards body or similar certifying agency audits and certifies that a company is ISO 9000-complaint? 7) An opportunity flow diagram would best fit in which DMAIC category? 8) Which is the international standard for quality managements for automotive industry suppliers of production parts, materials, and services? 9) ISO 9000 is primarily concerned with what type of quality management standards? 10) What form of ISO 9000-certification is the final requirement before a company may be registered and recorded as having achieved ISO 9000 status? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 6 DQ 1 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 6 Discussion Question 1 What criteria must be used when considering where to locate a facility in the global business environment? What criteria does your organization consider when deciding the location of a facility? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 6 DQ 2 For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Week 6 Discussion Question 2 What are the factors that affect international logistics? Which factor is the most important in your current industry and why? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 6 Quiz (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com 1) According to Goldratt, which of the following is defined as “any resource whose capacity is less than the demand placed on it”? 2) A bottleneck in a manufacturing process may be targeted and eliminated by employing which of the following? 3) Which of the following is focusing step of Dr. Eli Goldratt’s theory of constraints? 4) Statistical Process control (SPC) and data from the actual process to statistically monitor the process over time are employed during which step of the DMAIC cycle? 5) The idea that statistical methods of quality control, including six-sigma, does not prevent defects, is central to what alternative quality system? 6) Identifying critical-to-quality characteristics (CTOs) takes place in which steop of the DMAIC methodology? 7) Which of the following are examples of Goldratt’s Rules of production scheduling? 8) Goldratt’s theory of constraints (TOC) could be restarted using which of the following? 9) The DMAIC cycle of six sigma is similar to which of the following quality management topics? 10) According to the theory of constraints which of the following is a FINANCIAL measurement that can be used to measure the firm’s ability to make money? 11) According to the theory of constraints which of the following would be included in the Throughput operational measurement? 12) According to the theory of constraints which of the following is an OPERATIONAL measurement that can be used to measure the firm’s ability to make money? 13) The Shingo system of quality relies heavily on fail-safe procedure or devices called what? 14) According to the theory of constraints which of the following can be CCR? The Shingo approach to quality control depends on which of the following? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - OPS 571 Week 6 Team Assignment Process Improvement Presentation (New) For more course tutorials visit www.uopops571.com Create an 8–10 slide MS PowerPoint presentation with detailed speaker notes. Include the following: Identify which ISO standards apply to Riordan Manufacturing · Using the Six Sigma DMAIC process, develop a new process design for the production of the Riordan electric fans. Be sure to take advantage of any global opportunities available to Riordan, such as lower labor costs. · Describe the bottlenecks that may occur in the new process. · Identify three TQM tools that may be used for ongoing process improvement. Be sure to describe who will use the tool, when it will be used, and what interval and how it will lead to process improvement. · A project plan including: A schedule including project goals, a schedule, roles and responsibilities and deliverables. · An implementation plan, including a Gantt chart of the process design for the Riordan electric fans. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —